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Skip to contentDangerous PrototypesOpen source hardware projectsDirtyPCBsProjectsForumBus PirateFree PCBsContactMoreBackgithubTwitterFacebookYouTubeApp note: Doing more with buck regulator ICsMore buck regulator designs and other uses discuss in this app note from Renesas. Link here (PDF)One of the most popular switching regulator topologies is the buck or step-down converter. The buck regulator IC typically employs a built-in controller and integrated FETs. Power supply engineers use them for step-down conversion. Nevertheless, they can also be used to create many other designs to meet various applications needs, such as inverting power supplies, bipolar power supplies, and isolated power supplies with single or multiple isolated voltage rails.Posted byDPMay 8, 2022May 8, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, buck converter, RenesasLeave a comment on App note: Doing more with buck regulator ICsApp note: Battery protection using low-side FETs controlled by GPIOsWhite paper from Renesas on using BFEs GPIO to control or monitor further battery status. Link here (PDF)In an MCU plus battery front end (BFE) controlled battery pack, GPIOs may operate as an alternate protection FET control path where low-side FETs are preferred. Use cases include extending the upper voltage range of battery IC to higher voltages by shutting down the high-side charge pumps and repurposing a high-side solution to a low-side solution with minimal BOM changes. A solution with the ISL94216 device acts as a model for a low-side GPIO controlled solution; however, in this white paper, the techniques and principles for low-side GPIO control generally apply to battery ICs with GPIOs (such as the ISL94216) and for battery pack MCUs with GPIOs (such as the RL78). The ISL94216 BFE simplifies the adoption of low-side control considerably by offering bit settings to swap the control logic from the high-side FET pins to the built-in GPIOs.Posted byDPApril 24, 2022April 24, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, battery management, RenesasLeave a comment on App note: Battery protection using low-side FETs controlled by GPIOsApp note: OB1203 pulse oximeter module electrical, thermal, and optical design guideApp note on Renesas’ pulse oximeter basics and its applications. Link here (PDF)The Renesas OB1203 pulse oximeter module optically detects heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). Respiratory rate and other health information that can be inferred from the optical pulse waveform (PPG) signal. The OB1203 also features a proximity sensor and ambient light color sensor. A unique feature is OB1203’s 690nm far red LED which allows for use of IR-transmissive inks to hide the sensor under a cover glass, as is typical for proximity sensors. The OB1203 module is a 4.2×2×1.2 mm OSIP (optical system in package) allowing for very compact industrial designs using the reflective PPG sensing mode.Posted byDPApril 24, 2022April 24, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, Pulse Oximeter, RenesasLeave a comment on App note: OB1203 pulse oximeter module electrical, thermal, and optical design guideApp note: Current sensing with low-voltage precision op-ampsRenesas’ app note on their low-voltage precision op-amps ISL28x3x measuring current implementation. Link here (PDF)Sensing and controlling current flow is a fundamental requirement in electronics systems. This application note explains the design of low-side and high-side current sensing circuits using the ISL28x3x family of low-voltage precision op-amps in combination with current sense resistors.Posted byDPApril 17, 2022April 17, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, Current sense, op-amp, RenesasLeave a comment on App note: Current sensing with low-voltage precision op-ampsApp note: Favorite frequencies and applicationsReference app note from Abracon on all standard frequencies. Link here (PDF)Posted byDPApril 10, 2022April 10, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, frequencies, referenceLeave a comment on App note: Favorite frequencies and applicationsApp note: Digital control of surge voltage and inrush current in battery operated circuitsApp note from IXYS on their battery operated surge voltage and inrush current protection circuit implementation. Link here (PDF)Primary concerns with battery-operated devices include battery protection from inrush and short circuit currents caused by connected load, and load protection from voltage spikes when battery load dump occurs, which may cause significant voltage stress on electronic devices sharing the same battery as high current consumers. Digital control allows designers to significantly simplify the design of protection devices, providing greater flexibility than hardware-only solutions. The device described in this application note is an example of implementing Zilog’s Z8F3281 microcontroller in power control. This design, is intended to protect the battery from the inrush current and short circuitry at the load, and protect the load from voltage spikes from the battery, which are usually generated by fast battery load changing.Posted byDPApril 10, 2022April 10, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, battery protection, inrush current, IXYSLeave a comment on App note: Digital control of surge voltage and inrush current in battery operated circuitsApp note: A new IGBT with reverse blocking capabilityApp note from IXYS on their new modified structure IGBT that have built-in reverse current blocking. Link here (PDF)A new IGBT has been developed, providing reverse blocking capability. This feature is needed in various applications, such as in current source inverters, resonant circuits, bidirectional switches or matrix converters. This paper presents technology of the monolithic chip and its operational behaviour, measured with first samples in typical circuits.Posted byDPApril 3, 2022April 3, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, IGBT, IXYSLeave a comment on App note: A new IGBT with reverse blocking capabilityApp note: What are Hall Effect (ac, dc) clamp meters?Fluke article on Hall Effect used on clamp meters. Link hereHall Effect clamp meters can measure both ac and dc current up to the kilohertz (1000 Hz) range. Like current transformer types, Hall Effect clamp meters use rigid iron jaws to concentrate the magnetic field that encircles the conductor being measured. Unlike current transformer clamp meters, the jaws are not wrapped by copper wires. Instead, the magnetic field generated by the conductor is focused across one or more gaps in the core after the jaws are clamped around the conductor. Notice the point where the jaw tips of a Hall Effect clamp meter meet. A gap exists where the jaw tips of a Hall Effect clamp meter meet, creating an air pocket that the magnetic field (aka magnetic flux) must jump. This gap limits the magnetic flux so that the core cannot saturate. In contrast, the jaws of an ac-only current transformer clamp are flush when closed. When opened, the tips of the jaws show bare metal core faces. In that gap, covered by thin plastic molding, is a semiconductor known as a Hall Effect sensor—a transducer that varies its output voltage when responding to magnetic fields, in this case the magnetic field of the conductor or wire being measured. Its purpose is to measure magnetic flux directly. The output voltage from the sensor then amplified and scaled to represent the current flowing through the conductor that lies inside the jaws of the clamp.Posted byDPMarch 27, 2022March 27, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, Fluke, hall-effectLeave a comment on App note: What are Hall Effect (ac, dc) clamp meters?App note: How to clean your Fluke toolsFluke’s tips on how to clean your test tools. Link can be found here.Reopening the world in the wake of a pandemic brings new health and safety concerns. Much of the emphasis has been on personal hygiene, such as hand washing, social distancing, and face covering. But as industries begin to open, a new normal awaits them where personal hygiene must extend to shared work surfaces. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends regular cleaning of your frequently touched surfaces. Maintenance technicians, electricians, and others who share tools need to understand and follow safe cleaning and sanitization procedures. This includes test tools, such as multimeters and electrical testers, as well as personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and shields.Posted byDPMarch 27, 2022March 27, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, cleaning, Fluke, test instrumentLeave a comment on App note: How to clean your Fluke toolsApp note: Introduction to load switchesApp note from Diodes Incorporated on the uses of load switches. Link here (PDF)Integrated load switches are electronic switches used in systems to turn power rails on and off, similar to a relay or a MOSFET. Integrated load switches provide many benefits, including protection features that are too difficult or complex to implement with discrete components.Posted byDPMarch 20, 2022March 20, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, diodes incorporated, load switchLeave a comment on App note: Introduction to load switchesApp note: Practical heat sink design for illuminationWhite paper from Lumileds on efficient heat sink for LED illumination. Link here (PDF)LEDs are very small light sources that offer great freedom in design for lighting solutions. Within the freedom of an industrial product design, however, one has to make sure that the operating conditions of the LED stays within the ranges as defined in the datasheets on current and temperature, in order to ensure a good application lifetime.Posted byDPMarch 20, 2022March 20, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, led lighting, LumiledsLeave a comment on App note: Practical heat sink design for illuminationApp note: Engineering scalingApp note from Murata about matching the measured voltage to the input of a digital meter. Link here (PDF)It is oftentimes necessary to attenuate “large” input signals down to a level that more closely matches the input range of a selected meter. For example, suppose the signal to be measured is 19 Volts, and the input voltage range of the available meter is 2 Volts (the preferred model for any attenuation circuit). Obviously, the “raw” input signal voltage is much too high for a ± 2V meter to measure directly and must fi rst be attenuated.Posted byDPMarch 13, 2022March 13, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, digital meters, MurataLeave a comment on App note: Engineering scalingApp note: 4-20mA current loop primerBasics of current loop App note from Murata, discussing the basic theory of the 4-20mA current loop operation. Link here (PDF)The 4-20mA current loop is a common method of transmitting sensor information in many industrial process-monitoring applications. A sensor is a device used to measure physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, speed, liquid flow rates, etc. Transmitting sensor information via a current loop is particularly useful when the information has to be sent to a remote location over long distances (1000 feet, or more). The loop’s operation is straightforward: a sensor’s output voltage is first converted to a proportional current, with 4mA normally representing the sensor’s zero-level output, and 20mA representing the sensor’s full-scale output. Then, a receiver at the remote end converts the 4-20mA current back into a voltage which in turn can be further processed by a computer or display module.Posted byDPMarch 13, 2022March 13, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, digital meters, Murata, sensorsLeave a comment on App note: 4-20mA current loop primerApp note: Conductive plastic technologyApp note about conductive plastic used on motion transducers from Vishay. Link here (PDF)The polymer film track has a conductive plastic paste laid upon it. This paste includes an inert filler of carbon black which constitutes the basis of Vishay SFERNICE’s technology for manufacturing precision potentiometers. The resistive track obtained can be used: • inside a cylindrical housing for making a rotational potentiometer • on a flat support when manufacturing a linear motion transducer. This method of producing the plastic film creates a resistive track which is exceptionally uniform in its resistivity and which allows excellent results regarding linearity.Posted byDPMarch 6, 2022March 6, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, Potentiometers, transducers, vishayLeave a comment on App note: Conductive plastic technologyApp note: Optimizing output power of power op ampsEnhancing the performance of power op amps discussed in this app note from Apex Microtechnology. Link here (PDF)Power op amps are attractive because they reduce circuit design time enormously. Assembly costs of the power op amp design amount to a fraction of the discrete counterpart due to vastly reduced parts count. Careful attention to the power aspects of a circuit is required, as the well known op amp design rules based on low power devices. The objectives are to maximize reliability plus optimize output power and system efficiency. This application note points out some optimizing techniques and some areas to be especially watchful.Posted byDPFebruary 27, 2022February 27, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: apex microtechnology, app note, op-ampLeave a comment on App note: Optimizing output power of power op ampsApp note: Migrating from FT2232D to FT2232HApp note on FTDI’s FT2232 USB bridge migration, with full detailed list of capabilities on the newer FT2232H. PDF link can be found hereThis Application Note details the differences between the FT2232D and FT2232H to help customers design with FT2232H as this newer, high speed USB device has better performance.Posted byDPFebruary 27, 2022February 27, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, FT2232, FTDI, USB bridgeLeave a comment on App note: Migrating from FT2232D to FT2232HApp note: Continuous DC current ratings of International Rectifier’s large semiconductor packagesApp note from International Rectifier on how to optimize the maximum current handling of power FETs. Link here (PDF)There is a trend within the discrete power component industry of late to increase the dc current rating for low on-resistance devices to levels that historically have not been seen. This trend has accelerated as power transistor manufacturers introduce higher current / lower voltage designs. Mature JEDEC package designs, originally intended decades ago for dc currents on the order of 10’s of Amperes are now emerging as capable of 100’s of Amps. Is this due to some significant improvement in package materials / design or is this all smoke and mirrors? The answer is a little of both.Posted byDPFebruary 20, 2022February 20, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, International Rectifier, MOSFETLeave a comment on App note: Continuous DC current ratings of International Rectifier’s large semiconductor packagesApp note: AC film capacitors in connection with the mains (≤ 60 Hz)Suppressing EMI from mains and getting power in-series with a capacitor are just the two main function of these front line capacitors and is discussed in this app note from Vishay. Link here (PDF)Because of the high energy availability and the severe environment of surge voltages and pulses, applications of capacitors in connection with the mains must be chosen carefully. Two kinds of connections, and thus two kinds of applications, can be distinguished. One is where the capacitor is directly connected in parallel with the mains without any other impedance or circuit protection, and another where the capacitor is connected to the mains in series with other circuitry.Posted byDPFebruary 13, 2022February 13, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, capacitors, vishayLeave a comment on App note: AC film capacitors in connection with the mains (≤ 60 Hz)App note: ESD protection for super speed USB 3.0 portsDesign guide app note from Alpha & Omega Semiconductor on USB 3.0 protection. Link here (PDF)USB 3.0 is an enhanced version of the USB 2.0, with up to 5Gbps data rate. USB 3.0 has 10 times the performance over USB 2.0. Legacy device continue to work when plugged into new host connector albeit at USB 2.0 speeds. USB 3.0 maintains this backward compatibility by adding an addition pairs of SuperSpeed differential data lines, SSRX+/- and SSTX+/- with the existing pair of USB 2.0 data line, D+ and D-. The SSRX and SSTX is the differential data line that we are focus in the PCB layout and ESD protection. A carefully designed PCB layout in combination with rugged ESD protection is vital for a robust operating system.Posted byDPFebruary 6, 2022February 6, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: alpha and omega semiconductor, app note, USB 3.0Leave a comment on App note: ESD protection for super speed USB 3.0 portsApp note: Direct current ammetersApp note from Murata about digital ammeter and things to consider implementing them. Link here (PDF)There is a trend to replace older, analog-style readouts with modern digital displays. As one might expect, the conversion is not always a trivial task. This is especially true when the conversion involves older, moving-vane (“pointer” style) analog ammeters. The typical analog ammeter has only two wires to contend with, and the required shunt resistor is sometimes built-in to the meter itself. By comparison, its digital replacement may have as many as fi ve or six input terminals. The project gets even more complicated when you include the required external current shunt. Hopefully, after reading this application note, you will have the necessary information to avoid the most common pitfalls associated with digital ammeter installations.Posted byDPFebruary 6, 2022February 6, 2022Posted inapp notesTags: app note, current measurement, MurataLeave a comment on App note: Direct current ammetersPosts navigation123…604Older posts Dangerous Prototypes,Proudly powered by WordPress.