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2022-05-31 11:54:06

FREE AstroScienceFREE YOUR MINDHomeWHO WE ARESupport FREE AstroScienceFREE-SRI LIVESCIENCE WE SPEAKPrivacy Policy Tuesday, May 31, 2022 This cosmic waterfall is the interacting galaxy group Arp 194What at first glance might seem like a gigantic cosmic waterfall is actually the interacting galaxy group Arp 194, seen in this image from the Hubble Space Telescope.The details of the interactions among the multiple galaxies that make up Arp 194 are complex. The system was most likely disrupted by a previous collision or close encounter. The shapes of all the galaxies involved have been distorted by their gravitational interactions with one another.Read more »Pubblicato daGERDa1:46 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to PinterestEtichette:apod,Astronomy Monday, May 30, 2022 The planetary nebula Abell 7 The planetary nebula Abell 7 is located about 1,800 light-years from us (Image: Reproduction/Donald Waid, Ron Dilulio)This is the planetary nebula Abell 7, located almost 1,800 light-years from us towards the constellation Lepus, the Hare. With a spherical shape and diffuse brightness, Abell 7 is approximately 8 light-years in diameter and has some interesting details inside, which stand out when observed by instruments equipped with narrowband filters. Among them are the reddish emissions from hydrogen gas, while the blue and green tones come from oxygen emissions. Together, these colors give the Abell 77 a colorful and fascinating appearance, which could hardly be seen with the naked eye as it is too diffused.Read more »Pubblicato daGERDa11:11 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to PinterestEtichette:apod,AstronomyThe Kapteyn Star, the closest halo star to the Solar SystemThe Kapteyn Star is only 12.8 light years away from Earth, making it the 24th closest star to the Sun, but its origin comes from far, far away. The star is in fact characterized by a very different dynamic than that of other stars in the vicinity of the Sun. Its orbit is in fact retrograde and moves in space at very high speed: think that only 10 thousand years ago the Kapteyn Star was 7 light years from Earth!Read more »Pubblicato daGERDa3:30 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to PinterestEtichette:apod,AstronomyEuler's Puzzle Gets a Quantum SolutionIn 1779, the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler posed a puzzle that has since become famous: Six army regiments each have six officers of six different ranks. Can the 36 officers be arranged in a 6-by-6 square so that no row or column repeats a rank or regiment?The puzzle is easily solved when there are five ranks and five regiments, or seven ranks and seven regiments. But after searching in vain for a solution for the case of 36 officers, Euler concluded that “such an arrangement is impossible, though we can’t give a rigorous demonstration of this.” More than a century later, the French mathematician Gaston Tarry proved that, indeed, there was no way to arrange Euler’s 36 officers in a 6-by-6 square without repetition. In 1960, mathematicians used computers to prove that solutions exist for any number of regiments and ranks greater than two, except, curiously, six.Similar puzzles have entranced people for more than 2,000 years. Cultures around the world have made “magic squares,” arrays of numbers that add to the same sum along each row and column, and “Latin squares” filled with symbols that each appear once per row and column. These squares have been used in art and urban planning, and just for fun. One popular Latin square — Sudoku — has subsquares that also lack repeating symbols. Euler’s 36 officers puzzle asks for an “orthogonal Latin square,” in which two sets of properties, such as ranks and regiments, both satisfy the rules of the Latin square simultaneously.But whereas Euler thought no such 6-by-6 square exists, recently the game has changed. In a paper posted online and submitted to Physical Review Letters, a group of quantum physicists in India and Poland demonstrates that it is possible to arrange 36 officers in a way that fulfills Euler’s criteria — so long as the officers can have a quantum mixture of ranks and regiments. The result is the latest in a line of work developing quantum versions of magic square and Latin square puzzles, which is not just fun and games, but has applications for quantum communication and quantum computing.“I think their paper is very beautiful,” said Gemma De las Cuevas, a quantum physicist at the University of Innsbruck who was not involved with the work. “There’s a lot of quantum magic in there. And not only that, but you can feel throughout the paper their love for the problem.”The new era of quantum puzzling began in 2016, when Jamie Vicary of the University of Cambridge and his then-student Ben Musto had the idea that the entries appearing in Latin squares could be made quantum.In quantum mechanics, objects such as electrons can be in a “superposition” of multiple possible states: here and there, for example, or magnetically oriented both up and down. (Quantum objects stay in this limbo until they are measured, at which point they settle on one state.) Entries of quantum Latin squares are also quantum states that can be in quantum superpositions. Mathematically, a quantum state is represented by a vector, which has a length and direction, like an arrow. A superposition is the arrow formed by combining multiple vectors. Analogous to the requirement that symbols along each row and column of a Latin square not repeat, the quantum states along each row or column of a quantum Latin square must correspond to vectors that are perpendicular to one another.Quantum Latin squares were quickly adopted by a community of theoretical physicists and mathematicians interested in their unusual properties. Last year, the French mathematical physicists Ion Nechita and Jordi Pillet created a quantum version of Sudoku — SudoQ. Instead of using the integers 0 through 9, in SudoQ the rows, columns and subsquares each have nine perpendicular vectors.These advances led Adam Burchardt, a postdoctoral researcher at Jagiellonian University in Poland, and his colleagues to reexamine Euler’s old puzzle about the 36 officers. What if, they wondered, Euler’s officers were made quantum?In the classical version of the problem, each entry is an officer with a well-defined rank and regiment. It’s helpful to conceive of the 36 officers as colorful chess pieces, whose rank can be king, queen, rook, bishop, knight or pawn, and whose regiment is represented by red, orange, yellow, green, blue or purple. But in the quantum version, officers are formed from superpositions of ranks and regiments. An officer could be a superposition of a red king and an orange queen, for instance.Critically, the quantum states that compose these officers have a special relationship called entanglement, which involves a correlation between different entities. If a red king is entangled with an orange queen, for instance, then even if the king and queen are both in superpositions of multiple regiments, observing that the king is red tells you immediately that the queen is orange. It’s because of the peculiar nature of entanglement that officers along each line can all be perpendicular.The theory seemed to work, but to prove it, the authors had to construct a 6-by-6 array filled with quantum officers. A vast number of possible configurations and entanglements meant they had to rely on computer help. The researchers plugged in a classical near-solution (an arrangement of 36 classical officers with only a few repeats of ranks and regiments in a row or column) and applied an algorithm that tweaked the arrangement toward a true quantum solution. The algorithm works a little like solving a Rubik’s Cube with brute force, where you fix the first row, then the first column, second column and so on. When they repeated the algorithm over and over, the puzzle array cycled closer and closer to being a true solution. Eventually, the researchers reached a point where they could see the pattern and fill in the few remaining entries by hand.Euler was, in a sense, proved wrong — though he couldn’t have known, in the 18th century, about the possibility of quantum officers.“They close the book on this problem, which is already very nice,” said Nechita. “It’s a very beautiful result and I like the way they obtain it.”One surprising feature of their solution, according to the coauthor Suhail Rather, a physicist at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras in Chennai, was that officer ranks are entangled only with adjacent ranks (kings with queens, rooks with bishops, knights with pawns) and regiments with adjacent regiments. Another surprise was the coefficients that appear in the entries of the quantum Latin square. These coefficients are numbers that tell you, essentially, how much weight to give different terms in a superposition. Curiously, the ratio of the coefficients that the algorithm landed on was Φ, or 1.618…, the famous golden ratio.Pubblicato daprof Ravi Kumara1:09 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to PinterestEtichette:MathThe Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy mainly as visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared radiation. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on EarthPubblicato daprof Ravi Kumara12:56 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest Sunday, May 29, 2022 4-BILLION-YEAR-OLD RELIC FROM THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM IS HEADED THIS WAYDenizens of deep space, comets are among the oldest objects in the solar system. These icy "Lego blocks" are leftover from the early days of planet construction. They were unceremoniously tossed out of the solar system in a gravitational pinball game among the massive outer planets. The kicked-out comets took up residence in the Oort Cloud, a vast reservoir of far-flung comets encircling the solar system out to many billions of miles into deep space.Read more »Pubblicato daGERDa5:58 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to PinterestEtichette:Astronomy,AstrophysicsThe Galactic orbitsThe Earth and all the other planets orbit around the Sun. However, our star does not remain stationary in space: it in turn orbits around the center of the Milky Way at a speed of 800,000 km/h. This means that in just 90 seconds we move 20,000 km along the orbit around the galactic center!These numbers are impressive, but it must be considered that the Sun is about 26,000 light-years away from the galactic center. By doing the due math, our star completes a revolution in about 220 million years!Read more »Pubblicato daGERDa2:18 PMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to PinterestEtichette:apod,AstrophysicsHUBBLE FINDS A BLACK HOLE IGNITING STAR FORMATION IN A DWARF GALAXYDWARF GALAXY HENIZE 2-10 CONTINUES TO MAKE A BIG IMPACT, DEFYING ASTRONOMERS' EXPECTATIONS.Black holes are often described as the monsters of the universe—tearing apart stars, consuming anything that comes too close, and holding light captive. Detailed evidence from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, however, shows a black hole in a new light: fostering, rather than suppressing, star formation.Read more »Pubblicato daGERDa1:29 AMNo comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to PinterestEtichette:Astronomy,Astrophysics Older PostsHomeSubscribe to:Posts (Atom)FREE AstroScience ON SOCIAL NO WARTIME - CLOCKSCIENCE WE SPEAKSAVE FREE AstroScienceTranslateMOON PHASEthe moonJOIN ON TELEGRAMBE A FANFree Astro & SciSTARS AND COSTELLATIONSCALCOLO DISTANZEContributorsGERDUniverse's historyprof Ravi KumarMember-Partner of SRIPARTNER OF ACES WorldwideLabelsAEROSPACE(30)apod(232)Astronomy(524)Astrophysics(272)BH(40)biology(27)CHEMISTRY(18)ClimateChange(69)computer science(6)cosmology(38)Environment(87)FreeEdu(84)FreeHistorySci(19)Geology(32)Health & Medicine(68)luna(2)Math(25)Meccanica celeste(2)Moon(4)nature(33)NeuroScience(10)Physics(164)Robotics(5)science(87)Video(6)Powered by Blogger.