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Library of symbols Arrows Molecular Symbols Drug Targets (Receptors, channels, etc) Cells And Organelles Organs Organs2 Tissue And Cell Types Blood and Immune system related cells Populations Pathophysiology Medication And Other Items Miscellaneous Vb graph TRC style Compositions Pharmacodynamics Ligands Chemical interactions Targets Receptors G-protein coupled receptors G-protein cycle Gi-protein coupled Gq-coupled protein Gs-coupled protein Nuclear receptor Steroid receptors Non-steroid receptor Ligand-gated ion channel Kinase receptor Enzymes Transport proteins Ligand and receptor interactions Binding Occupancy Affinity Reversible versus irreversible binding Stereospecificity Stereospecificity (2) From binding to response Dose-response curves Efficacy Potency Tissue response More ligands at the receptor Competitive antagonism Non-competitive antagonism Partial agonism Inverse agonism Inverse agonism (2) Different ligands Biased Agonism Selectivity Therapeutic index Regulation of response Tachyphylaxis Down-regulation Receptor desensitisation Supersensitivity Up-regulation Signalling: systems and concepts Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic Combined innervation (1) Combined innervation (2) Receptor diversity (1) Receptor diversity (2) Post vs. presynaptic receptors (1) Post vs. presynaptic receptors (2) Reuptake transporters Reuptake transporters - noradrenalin Potencies at receptors Drug selectivity Receptor localisation - Alpha receptors Receptor localisation - Beta receptors Inflammatory system Glucocorticoids in the immune response Glucocorticosteroid effects Ligand directed signalling Prostaglandin synthesis Leukotriene synthesis Pharmacokinetics Therapeutic drug concentrations Routes of administration Intravenous administration Drug Absorption (extravascular) Bioavailability P-glycoprotein Oral administration Drug absorption from intestine First-pass effect Factors influencing absorption Sustained release Transdermal absorption Drug Distribution Volume of distribution Tissue distribution Tissue distribution (2) Tissue distribution (3) Changes in distribution Transport over barriers Blood brain barrier Protein binding Protein binding (2) Drug elimination Clearance Dose and AUC Elimination rate constant Effect on half-life Drug regimen determination Intravenous single dosing Oral single dosing Intravenous infusion Steady state Loading dosing Multiple oral dosing Excretion Renal excretion Glomerular filtration Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption Creatinine clearance Metabolism Biotransformation Phase I and phase II CYP enzymes Induction Inhibition Effect on first-pass Factors influencing metabolism Pharmacogenetics Phenoconversion Biliary excretion Adverse Drug Reactions Classification of adverse drug reactions Mechanisms of toxicity Immune-mediated mechanisms Enzyme and receptor-mediated mechanisms Cellular repair mechanisms and cell death Organ directed toxicity Drug-induced carcinogenesis Drug-induced teratogenesis Management of ADRs Acute medicine Pathophysiology of shock Theory of shock Treatment of shock Fluids Norepinephrine in shock Dopamine in shock Dobutamine in shock Isoprenaline in shock Atropine in shock Cerebral oedema BBB in cerebral oedema Mannitol Dexamethasone Cardiology Cardiac muscle electrophysiology ECG, pressure and volume Myocyte Cardiac function Cardiac output Preload Afterload Frank-Starling mechanism Heart failure Neurohumoral compensation Remodelling Treatment of heart failure Diuretics in CHF Spironolactone in CHF ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II antagonists Beta-blockers in CHF Cardiac glycosides Innervation of the heart Arrhythmias Antiarrhythmic treatment Class I drugs Class II drugs Class III drugs Class IV drugs Oxygen in the myocardium Angina pectoris Vascular NO system Nitrates Beta-blockers in cardio Calcium channel blockers ACE inhibitors Ivabradine Blood pressure control Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Regulation by aldosterone in cardio Hypertension Treatment of hypertension Beta-blockers in cardio Calcium channel blockers Diuretics in cardio Spironolactone in cardio ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II antagonists Renin inhibitors Alpha-blockers in cardio Centrally acting antihypertensives Direct vasodilators Endocrinology & metabolism Pituitary Panhypopituitarism Thyroxine Glucocorticoids in endocrinology Growth hormone Androgens Estrogens Acromegaly Dopamine agonists Somatostatin GH antagonists Pathological hyperprolactinemia Dopamine agonists Diabetes insipidus Vasopressin Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Hypothalamic TRH cell Pituitary TSH cell Synthesis of thyroid hormone TSH control Hyperthyroidism Thionamides Hypothyroidism Thyroxine Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Cushing's disease Adrenal cortex cell Cushing's syndrome Metyrapone Ketoconazole Secondary adrenal insufficiency Glucocorticoids in endocrinology Primary adrenal insufficiency Glucocorticoids in endocrinology Mineralocorticoids Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Hypogonadism Estrogens Androgens Regulation of the ovary (1) Regulation of the ovary (2) Post menopause Estrogens Regulation of the testis Circulatory volume regulation Hyperaldosteronism Spironolactone in endo Stress response Pheochromocytoma Alpha1-blockers in endocrinology Beta-blockers in endocrinology Glucose metabolism Diabetes mellitus type I Insulin Diabetes mellitus type II Sulphonylureas Biguanides Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Thiazolidinediones Incretin mimetics Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors Insulin Hypoglycemia Glucagon Calcium metabolism Hyperparathyroidism Bisphosphonates in hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D analogues Calcium Blood lipoproteins Lipid absorption Endogenous lipid transport LDL-R cycle Lipoproteins and the hepatocyte Hyperlipidemia Atherosclerosis Treatment of hyperlipidemia Statins Fibric acid derivatives Bile acid resins Nicotinic acid Fish oils Ezetimibe Gastroenterology GI anatomy GI motility control Intrinsic nervous system Constipation Fibre Osmotic laxatives Stimulant laxatives Stool softeners Constipation in elderly Drug-induced constipation Treatment of constipation Faecal incontinence Treatment of faecal incontinence Diarrhoea Opiate receptors in GI Opiate agonists in GI Nausea/vomiting Anti-emetics D2 antagonists in GI 5-HT3 antagonists Antihistamines in GI Dexamethasone in emesis Neurokinin-1 antagonists Cholinergic drugs in GI Erythromycin in GI Peptic ulcer Bismuth compounds H. pylori treatment Systemic gastric acid control Food effects on gastric acid control Parietal cell Antacids for ulcers H2 antagonists for ulcers Proton pump inhibitors for ulcers Prostaglandins Mucosa protectives Reflux disease Antacids for reflux H2-antagonists for reflux Proton pump inhibitors for reflux Mucosa protectives 5-HT4 agonists Liver & portal vasculature Liver failure Portal hypertension Treatment of oesophageal varices Ascites Treatment of ascites Encephalopathy Treatment of encephalopathy Hepatitis Interferons NRTI for hepatitis B Ribavirin for hepC Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) IBD part 2 Salicylates in IBD Glucocorticoids in IBD Methotrexate in IBD Azathioprine in IBD anti-TNF for IBD Gallbladder Cholelithiasis Cholecystectomy Bile salts Pancreas Pancreatitis Pancreatic enzymes Gynaecology & obstetrics Male reproduction Male hypgonadism Treatment of hypogonadism (m) Erectile dysfunction Sildenafil Female reproduction Ovarian follicle Contraception Morning after pill Female hypogonadism Treatment of hypogonadism (m) Fertility treatment Menopausal symptoms HRT Postmenopausal osteoporosis Bisphosphonates SERMs Fluor vaginalis Antimycotics Pregnancy Hypertension in pregnancy Methyldopa Ketanserin Nifedipine Hydralazine (Pre) eclampsia Magnesium sulphate Nifedipine Delivery Preterm labour Beta2-agonists in pregnancy Indomethacin Atosiban Nifedipine Abortion Mifepristone-misoprostol Induction of labour Oxytocin Prostaglandins in pregnancy Haematology Thrombosis Platelet aggregation Aspirin in haemostasis Platelet aggregation inhibitors Coagulation Coagulation cascade Anticoagulation Anticoagulation drugs Heparin Vitamin K antagonists Direct thrombin inhibitors Direct factor Xa inhibitors Fibrinolysis Thrombolytics Antifibrinolytics Tranexaminic acid Iron deficiency anemia Iron supplementation Immunology Allergic rhinitis Antihistamines for allergic rhinitis Cromolyn sodium Corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis Dermatitis Topical agents for dematitis Corticosteroids for dermatitis Antihistamines for dermatitis SLE Immunology of SLE Corticosteroids for SLE Corticosteroids and therapy Azathioprine/MMF for SLE Antimalarials for SLE Alkylating agents for SLE Transplantation A/B/O system in transplant HLA matching Immunosuppressive agents IL-2 receptor antagonists Anti-thymocyte globulin Anti-CD3 Inhibitor T-cell activation in transplant Calcineurin inhibitors Non-calcineurin agents Corticosteroids in transplant Azathioprine/MMF in transplant Cyclophosphamide in transplant Vaccination TI-1 antigens TI-2 antigens TH1-cell dependent response TH2-cell dependent response Infectious diseases Bacteria Gram-positive/negative Cell wall synthesis β-lactams: penicillins β-lactams: cephalosporins Glycopeptides Isoniazid Daptomycin Folate synthesis Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Bacterial protein synthesis Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Retapamulin RNA synthesis Rifampicin Bacterial DNA Quinolones Nitrofurantoin Metronidazole Viruses Retrovirus NRTI NNRTI Protease inhibitors Maraviroc Raltegravir Influenza virus Amantadine Neuraminidase inhibitors Herpes virus Acyclovir Hepatitis virus Interferons Fungi Azoles Polyenes Worms Microtubule synthesis inhibitors Paralyzers Protozoa Malaria cycle Aminoquinolones Folate synthesis inhibitors Nitroimidazoles Musculoskeletal system Synovial joint Rheumatoid arthritis Therapy of RA Multiple hit model NSAIDs for RA COX-2 inhibitors Methotrexate in RA Leflunomide Abatacept Rituximab Tocilizumab Cytokines in RA TNFα blocking agents Gout Colchicine Xanthine oxidase inhibitors Uricosurics Nephrology & Urology Renal function Proximal tubule Osmotic diuretics Loop of Henle Loop diuretics Distal tubule Thiazide diuretics Collecting duct Potassium-sparing diuretics Regulation by aldosterone in cardio Spironolactone in renal Acute renal failure Treatment of ARF Chronic kidney disease RAAS Treatment of CKD Renal anemia EPO Metabolic acidosis Mineral and bone disease Vitamin D deficiency Secondary hyperparathyroidism (In)continence Bladder and incontinence Micturition reflex Urge incontinence Parasympathicolytics Alpha-receptor agonists in urology Stress incontinence Drug induced incontinence Urinary retention Prostate hyperplasia Alpha1-receptor blockers in urology Finasteride Neurology Action potential Action potential 2 Action potential 3 Action potential 4 Synapse Cholinergic synapse Myasthenia gravis Neuronal network Dopamine network Parkinsons Temperature regulation Neuronal control Hypothermia Hyperthermia Fever Mechanism of fever NSAIDs for fever Paracetamol for fever Body temperature and fever Endocrine control Pain Pain pathway Peripheral stimulation Prostaglandin synthesis NSAIDs in pain COX-2 inhibitors Paracetamol for pain Gate control / dorsal horn TENS Local anaesthetics Ziconotide Central modulation Opioids Paracetamol for pain Pain control Adjunct pain treatment Confusion Drug-induced delirium Anticholinergic side effects Alzheimers disease AChE inhibitors NMDA antagonists Antioxidants Lewy body dementia Epilepsy Cellular control Cellular dysregulation Neuronal network control Neuronal network dysregulation Generalised seizures Antiepileptic drugs GABA potentiators Sodium channel inhibitors Valproic acid Absences Ethosuximide Ophthalmology Anatomy of the eye Control of pupil size Mydriatics (muscarinic antagonists) Mydriatics (alpha agonists) Production of aqueous humor Glaucoma Beta-blockers in glaucoma Alpha-agonists for glaucoma Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma Parasympathomimetics in glaucoma Prostaglandin agonists in glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Treatment of AMD Ocular infections Antimicrobials for ocular infections Glucocorticoids for eye Allergic conjunctivitis Mast cell stabilizers for the eye Histamine antagonists for the eye Corpus alienum in the eye Local anaesthetics in the eye Oncology Normal cells Cancer cells Treatment of tumors Cell cycle and cytostatics Alkylating cytostatics Trabectedin Antimetabolites Antimitotics Strand-breakage agents Cytotoxic drug-induced emesis Treatment of emesis Tumors and hormones Antihormones (1) Antihormones (2) Aromatase inhibitors (1) Aromatase inhibitors (2) Progestagens (1) Progestagens (2) LHRH-analogues Antibody treatment Trastuzumab Cetuximab Bevacizumab Panitumumab Protein kinase inhibitors Imatinib Erlotinib Sunitinib / sorafenib mTOR inhibitors Rational drug design Palliative therapy Bisphosphonates in oncology Denosumab Psychiatry Neuronal synapse Synaptic receptors Post-synaptic response ACH brain ACH neurons GABA brain GABA neurons DA brain DA neurons NE brain NE neurons 5-HT brain 5-HT neurons CB Brain CB neurons Histamine brain Histamine neurons Glutamate brain Glutamate neurons Stress-body and brain Cortisol and depression 5-HT neurons & steroids Depression Antidepressant delayed response SSRIs Tricyclics Mirtazapine MAOIs Anxiety Anxiety (2) Treatment of anxiety Benzodiazepines GABA-A receptors Beta-blockers in psychiatry SSRIs for anxiety Bipolar disorder Lithium Mood stabilizers Schizophrenia Schizophrenia - mesolimbic Dopamine 2 antagonists High potency antipsychotics Atypical antipsychotics Schizophrenia - mesocortical Schizophrenia - nigrostriatal Acute dystonia Anticholinergics for acute dystonia Akathisia Beta-blockers for akathisia Pseudoparkinsonism Anticholinergics for pseudoparkinsonism Tardive dyskinesia Schizophrenia - tuberoinfundibular Pulmonology Normal bronchiolus Inflammation Inflammatory process Beta2-receptor effects in lung Nedocromil effects Corticosteroid effects Leukotriene modifying effects Lung cancer Treatment of lung cancer Treatment of NSCLC Response rate Treatment of SCLC Constriction Beta effect in lung Beta-agonists for asthma Anticholinergic effect in lung Anticholinergics for lung Theophylline Allergic asthma Antigen trigger Histamine Antihistamines Nedocromil Leukotriene release Leukotriene modifiers Late inflammatory mediators Corticosteroids Omalizumab Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary hypertension Lung capillary PH pathophysiology Treatment of PH Prostacyclins in PH Sildenafil in PH ET-R antagonists Mucus hypersecretion Mucolytic agents Mucus & Anticholinergic agents Anticholinergics for mucus Mucus & antibiotics Antibiotics Alveolar anatomy Alveolar damage Alpha-1 antitrypsin Sarcoidosis Pathophysiology of sarcoidosis Treatment of sarcoidosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pathophysiology of fibrosis Treatment of fibrosis Pediatrics Absorption in pediatrics Distribution in pediatrics Blood brain barrier Protein binding in pediatrics Metabolism in pediatrics Half-life in pediatrics Excretion in pediatrics Dosage in pediatrics Geriatrics Pharmacokinetics in elderly Absorption in elderly Distribution in elderly Metabolism in elderly Excretion in elderly Drug interactions Pharmacokinetic interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Adverse effects Falls Double incontinence Toxicity in elderly Compliance in elderly Therapy regimen New mechanisms Varenicline Deferasirox Rilonacept Vernakalant Lomitapide Mirabegron Rimonabant Nitisinone Eculizumab Icatibant Sapropterin Ustekinumab Romiplostim Tolvaptan Pregnancy & Teratogenicity Drugs in pregnancy Distribution in pregnancy Absorption in pregnancy Clearance in pregnancy Metabolism in pregnancy Excretion in pregnancy Teratogenicity Factors in fetal drug exposure Teratogenic effects Classification of teratogens Treatment of a pregnant patient Teaching Resource Centre We strive to make this website the 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Start exploring Featured items Intravenous single dosing Pharmacodynamics Xanthine oxidase inhibitors Search Library of symbols Arrows Molecular Symbols Drug Targets (Receptors, channels, etc) Cells And Organelles Organs Organs2 Tissue And Cell Types Blood and Immune system related cells Populations Pathophysiology Medication And Other Items Miscellaneous Vb graph TRC style Compositions Pharmacodynamics Ligands Chemical interactions Targets Receptors G-protein coupled receptors G-protein cycle Gi-protein coupled Gq-coupled protein Gs-coupled protein Nuclear receptor Steroid receptors Non-steroid receptor Ligand-gated ion channel Kinase receptor Enzymes Transport proteins Ligand and receptor interactions Binding Occupancy Affinity Reversible versus irreversible binding Stereospecificity Stereospecificity (2) From binding to response Dose-response curves Efficacy Potency Tissue response More ligands at the receptor Competitive antagonism Non-competitive antagonism Partial agonism Inverse agonism Inverse agonism (2) Different ligands Biased Agonism Selectivity Therapeutic index Regulation of response Tachyphylaxis Down-regulation Receptor desensitisation Supersensitivity Up-regulation Signalling: systems and concepts Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic Combined innervation (1) Combined innervation (2) Receptor diversity (1) Receptor diversity (2) Post vs. presynaptic receptors (1) Post vs. presynaptic receptors (2) Reuptake transporters Reuptake transporters - noradrenalin Potencies at receptors Drug selectivity Receptor localisation - Alpha receptors Receptor localisation - Beta receptors Inflammatory system Glucocorticoids in the immune response Glucocorticosteroid effects Ligand directed signalling Prostaglandin synthesis Leukotriene synthesis Pharmacokinetics Therapeutic drug concentrations Routes of administration Intravenous administration Drug Absorption (extravascular) Bioavailability P-glycoprotein Oral administration Drug absorption from intestine First-pass effect Factors influencing absorption Sustained release Transdermal absorption Drug Distribution Volume of distribution Tissue distribution Tissue distribution (2) Tissue distribution (3) Changes in distribution Transport over barriers Blood brain barrier Protein binding Protein binding (2) Drug elimination Clearance Dose and AUC Elimination rate constant Effect on half-life Drug regimen determination Intravenous single dosing Oral single dosing Intravenous infusion Steady state Loading dosing Multiple oral dosing Excretion Renal excretion Glomerular filtration Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption Creatinine clearance Metabolism Biotransformation Phase I and phase II CYP enzymes Induction Inhibition Effect on first-pass Factors influencing metabolism Pharmacogenetics Phenoconversion Biliary excretion Adverse Drug Reactions Classification of adverse drug reactions Mechanisms of toxicity Immune-mediated mechanisms Enzyme and receptor-mediated mechanisms Cellular repair mechanisms and cell death Organ directed toxicity Drug-induced carcinogenesis Drug-induced teratogenesis Management of ADRs Acute medicine Pathophysiology of shock Theory of shock Treatment of shock Fluids Norepinephrine in shock Dopamine in shock Dobutamine in shock Isoprenaline in shock Atropine in shock Cerebral oedema BBB in cerebral oedema Mannitol Dexamethasone Cardiology Cardiac muscle electrophysiology ECG, pressure and volume Myocyte Cardiac function Cardiac output Preload Afterload Frank-Starling mechanism Heart failure Neurohumoral compensation Remodelling Treatment of heart failure Diuretics in CHF Spironolactone in CHF ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II antagonists Beta-blockers in CHF Cardiac glycosides Innervation of the heart Arrhythmias Antiarrhythmic treatment Class I drugs Class II drugs Class III drugs Class IV drugs Oxygen in the myocardium Angina pectoris Vascular NO system Nitrates Beta-blockers in cardio Calcium channel blockers ACE inhibitors Ivabradine Blood pressure control Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Regulation by aldosterone in cardio Hypertension Treatment of hypertension Beta-blockers in cardio Calcium channel blockers Diuretics in cardio Spironolactone in cardio ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II antagonists Renin inhibitors Alpha-blockers in cardio Centrally acting antihypertensives Direct vasodilators Endocrinology & metabolism Pituitary Panhypopituitarism Thyroxine Glucocorticoids in endocrinology Growth hormone Androgens Estrogens Acromegaly Dopamine agonists Somatostatin GH antagonists Pathological hyperprolactinemia Dopamine agonists Diabetes insipidus Vasopressin Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Hypothalamic TRH cell Pituitary TSH cell Synthesis of thyroid hormone TSH control Hyperthyroidism Thionamides Hypothyroidism Thyroxine Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Cushing's disease Adrenal cortex cell Cushing's syndrome Metyrapone Ketoconazole Secondary adrenal insufficiency Glucocorticoids in endocrinology Primary adrenal insufficiency Glucocorticoids in endocrinology Mineralocorticoids Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Hypogonadism Estrogens Androgens Regulation of the ovary (1) Regulation of the ovary (2) Post menopause Estrogens Regulation of the testis Circulatory volume regulation Hyperaldosteronism Spironolactone in endo Stress response Pheochromocytoma Alpha1-blockers in endocrinology Beta-blockers in endocrinology Glucose metabolism Diabetes mellitus type I Insulin Diabetes mellitus type II Sulphonylureas Biguanides Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Thiazolidinediones Incretin mimetics Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors Insulin Hypoglycemia Glucagon Calcium metabolism Hyperparathyroidism Bisphosphonates in hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D analogues Calcium Blood lipoproteins Lipid absorption Endogenous lipid transport LDL-R cycle Lipoproteins and the hepatocyte Hyperlipidemia Atherosclerosis Treatment of hyperlipidemia Statins Fibric acid derivatives Bile acid resins Nicotinic acid Fish oils Ezetimibe Gastroenterology GI anatomy GI motility control Intrinsic nervous system Constipation Fibre Osmotic laxatives Stimulant laxatives Stool softeners Constipation in elderly Drug-induced constipation Treatment of constipation Faecal incontinence Treatment of faecal incontinence Diarrhoea Opiate receptors in GI Opiate agonists in GI Nausea/vomiting Anti-emetics D2 antagonists in GI 5-HT3 antagonists Antihistamines in GI Dexamethasone in emesis Neurokinin-1 antagonists Cholinergic drugs in GI Erythromycin in GI Peptic ulcer Bismuth compounds H. pylori treatment Systemic gastric acid control Food effects on gastric acid control Parietal cell Antacids for ulcers H2 antagonists for ulcers Proton pump inhibitors for ulcers Prostaglandins Mucosa protectives Reflux disease Antacids for reflux H2-antagonists for reflux Proton pump inhibitors for reflux Mucosa protectives 5-HT4 agonists Liver & portal vasculature Liver failure Portal hypertension Treatment of oesophageal varices Ascites Treatment of ascites Encephalopathy Treatment of encephalopathy Hepatitis Interferons NRTI for hepatitis B Ribavirin for hepC Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) IBD part 2 Salicylates in IBD Glucocorticoids in IBD Methotrexate in IBD Azathioprine in IBD anti-TNF for IBD Gallbladder Cholelithiasis Cholecystectomy Bile salts Pancreas Pancreatitis Pancreatic enzymes Gynaecology & obstetrics Male reproduction Male hypgonadism Treatment of hypogonadism (m) Erectile dysfunction Sildenafil Female reproduction Ovarian follicle Contraception Morning after pill Female hypogonadism Treatment of hypogonadism (m) Fertility treatment Menopausal symptoms HRT Postmenopausal osteoporosis Bisphosphonates SERMs Fluor vaginalis Antimycotics Pregnancy Hypertension in pregnancy Methyldopa Ketanserin Nifedipine Hydralazine (Pre) eclampsia Magnesium sulphate Nifedipine Delivery Preterm labour Beta2-agonists in pregnancy Indomethacin Atosiban Nifedipine Abortion Mifepristone-misoprostol Induction of labour Oxytocin Prostaglandins in pregnancy Haematology Thrombosis Platelet aggregation Aspirin in haemostasis Platelet aggregation inhibitors Coagulation Coagulation cascade Anticoagulation Anticoagulation drugs Heparin Vitamin K antagonists Direct thrombin inhibitors Direct factor Xa inhibitors Fibrinolysis Thrombolytics Antifibrinolytics Tranexaminic acid Iron deficiency anemia Iron supplementation Immunology Allergic rhinitis Antihistamines for allergic rhinitis Cromolyn sodium Corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis Dermatitis Topical agents for dematitis Corticosteroids for dermatitis Antihistamines for dermatitis SLE Immunology of SLE Corticosteroids for SLE Corticosteroids and therapy Azathioprine/MMF for SLE Antimalarials for SLE Alkylating agents for SLE Transplantation A/B/O system in transplant HLA matching Immunosuppressive agents IL-2 receptor antagonists Anti-thymocyte globulin Anti-CD3 Inhibitor T-cell activation in transplant Calcineurin inhibitors Non-calcineurin agents Corticosteroids in transplant Azathioprine/MMF in transplant Cyclophosphamide in transplant Vaccination TI-1 antigens TI-2 antigens TH1-cell dependent response TH2-cell dependent response Infectious diseases Bacteria Gram-positive/negative Cell wall synthesis β-lactams: penicillins β-lactams: cephalosporins Glycopeptides Isoniazid Daptomycin Folate synthesis Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Bacterial protein synthesis Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Retapamulin RNA synthesis Rifampicin Bacterial DNA Quinolones Nitrofurantoin Metronidazole Viruses Retrovirus NRTI NNRTI Protease inhibitors Maraviroc Raltegravir Influenza virus Amantadine Neuraminidase inhibitors Herpes virus Acyclovir Hepatitis virus Interferons Fungi Azoles Polyenes Worms Microtubule synthesis inhibitors Paralyzers Protozoa Malaria cycle Aminoquinolones Folate synthesis inhibitors Nitroimidazoles Musculoskeletal system Synovial joint Rheumatoid arthritis Therapy of RA Multiple hit model NSAIDs for RA COX-2 inhibitors Methotrexate in RA Leflunomide Abatacept Rituximab Tocilizumab Cytokines in RA TNFα blocking agents Gout Colchicine Xanthine oxidase inhibitors Uricosurics Nephrology & Urology Renal function Proximal tubule Osmotic diuretics Loop of Henle Loop diuretics Distal tubule Thiazide diuretics Collecting duct Potassium-sparing diuretics Regulation by aldosterone in cardio Spironolactone in renal Acute renal failure Treatment of ARF Chronic kidney disease RAAS Treatment of CKD Renal anemia EPO Metabolic acidosis Mineral and bone disease Vitamin D deficiency Secondary hyperparathyroidism (In)continence Bladder and incontinence Micturition reflex Urge incontinence Parasympathicolytics Alpha-receptor agonists in urology Stress incontinence Drug induced incontinence Urinary retention Prostate hyperplasia Alpha1-receptor blockers in urology Finasteride Neurology Action potential Action potential 2 Action potential 3 Action potential 4 Synapse Cholinergic synapse Myasthenia gravis Neuronal network Dopamine network Parkinsons Temperature regulation Neuronal control Hypothermia Hyperthermia Fever Mechanism of fever NSAIDs for fever Paracetamol for fever Body temperature and fever Endocrine control Pain Pain pathway Peripheral stimulation Prostaglandin synthesis NSAIDs in pain COX-2 inhibitors Paracetamol for pain Gate control / dorsal horn TENS Local anaesthetics Ziconotide Central modulation Opioids Paracetamol for pain Pain control Adjunct pain treatment Confusion Drug-induced delirium Anticholinergic side effects Alzheimers disease AChE inhibitors NMDA antagonists Antioxidants Lewy body dementia Epilepsy Cellular control Cellular dysregulation Neuronal network control Neuronal network dysregulation Generalised seizures Antiepileptic drugs GABA potentiators Sodium channel inhibitors Valproic acid Absences Ethosuximide Ophthalmology Anatomy of the eye Control of pupil size Mydriatics (muscarinic antagonists) Mydriatics (alpha agonists) Production of aqueous humor Glaucoma Beta-blockers in glaucoma Alpha-agonists for glaucoma Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma Parasympathomimetics in glaucoma Prostaglandin agonists in glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Treatment of AMD Ocular infections Antimicrobials for ocular infections Glucocorticoids for eye Allergic conjunctivitis Mast cell stabilizers for the eye Histamine antagonists for the eye Corpus alienum in the eye Local anaesthetics in the eye Oncology Normal cells Cancer cells Treatment of tumors Cell cycle and cytostatics Alkylating cytostatics Trabectedin Antimetabolites Antimitotics Strand-breakage agents Cytotoxic drug-induced emesis Treatment of emesis Tumors and hormones Antihormones (1) Antihormones (2) Aromatase inhibitors (1) Aromatase inhibitors (2) Progestagens (1) Progestagens (2) LHRH-analogues Antibody treatment Trastuzumab Cetuximab Bevacizumab Panitumumab Protein kinase inhibitors Imatinib Erlotinib Sunitinib / sorafenib mTOR inhibitors Rational drug design Palliative therapy Bisphosphonates in oncology Denosumab Psychiatry Neuronal synapse Synaptic receptors Post-synaptic response ACH brain ACH neurons GABA brain GABA neurons DA brain DA neurons NE brain NE neurons 5-HT brain 5-HT neurons CB Brain CB neurons Histamine brain Histamine neurons Glutamate brain Glutamate neurons Stress-body and brain Cortisol and depression 5-HT neurons & steroids Depression Antidepressant delayed response SSRIs Tricyclics Mirtazapine MAOIs Anxiety Anxiety (2) Treatment of anxiety Benzodiazepines GABA-A receptors Beta-blockers in psychiatry SSRIs for anxiety Bipolar disorder Lithium Mood stabilizers Schizophrenia Schizophrenia - mesolimbic Dopamine 2 antagonists High potency antipsychotics Atypical antipsychotics Schizophrenia - mesocortical Schizophrenia - nigrostriatal Acute dystonia Anticholinergics for acute dystonia Akathisia Beta-blockers for akathisia Pseudoparkinsonism Anticholinergics for pseudoparkinsonism Tardive dyskinesia Schizophrenia - tuberoinfundibular Pulmonology Normal bronchiolus Inflammation Inflammatory process Beta2-receptor effects in lung Nedocromil effects Corticosteroid effects Leukotriene modifying effects Lung cancer Treatment of lung cancer Treatment of NSCLC Response rate Treatment of SCLC Constriction Beta effect in lung Beta-agonists for asthma Anticholinergic effect in lung Anticholinergics for lung Theophylline Allergic asthma Antigen trigger Histamine Antihistamines Nedocromil Leukotriene release Leukotriene modifiers Late inflammatory mediators Corticosteroids Omalizumab Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary hypertension Lung capillary PH pathophysiology Treatment of PH Prostacyclins in PH Sildenafil in PH ET-R antagonists Mucus hypersecretion Mucolytic agents Mucus & Anticholinergic agents Anticholinergics for mucus Mucus & antibiotics Antibiotics Alveolar anatomy Alveolar damage Alpha-1 antitrypsin Sarcoidosis Pathophysiology of sarcoidosis Treatment of sarcoidosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pathophysiology of fibrosis Treatment of fibrosis Pediatrics Absorption in pediatrics Distribution in pediatrics Blood brain barrier Protein binding in pediatrics Metabolism in pediatrics Half-life in pediatrics Excretion in pediatrics Dosage in pediatrics Geriatrics Pharmacokinetics in elderly Absorption in elderly Distribution in elderly Metabolism in elderly Excretion in elderly Drug interactions Pharmacokinetic interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Adverse effects Falls Double incontinence Toxicity in elderly Compliance in elderly Therapy regimen New mechanisms Varenicline Deferasirox Rilonacept Vernakalant Lomitapide Mirabegron Rimonabant Nitisinone Eculizumab Icatibant Sapropterin Ustekinumab Romiplostim Tolvaptan Pregnancy & Teratogenicity Drugs in pregnancy Distribution in pregnancy Absorption in pregnancy Clearance in pregnancy Metabolism in pregnancy Excretion in pregnancy Teratogenicity Factors in fetal drug exposure Teratogenic effects Classification 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